A class of geranylquinol-derived polycyclic meroterpenoids from Arnebia euchroma against heart failure by reducing excessive autophagy and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes

Ten new B-ring aromatized 6/6/6-tricyclic dearomatized benzocogeijerene-based meroterpenoids with unusual methyl 1,2-shift or demethylation ( 2 – 9b ), and two new geranylquinol derivatives ( 1 and 10 ), together with two known compounds ( 11 and 12 ), were isolated from the roots of Arnebia euchroma . Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods, X-ray diffraction crystallography, and ECD calculations. The plausible biosynthetic pathways including the unusual methyl 1,2-shfit and demethylation for B-ring aromatized 6/6/6-tricyclic meroterpenoids were discussed. Compounds 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 11 , and 12 showed significant cardioprotective activities comparable to diltiazem against isoprenaline (ISO)-induced H9C2 cell damage in vitro . Compound 11 probably exerted heart-protective effect on ISO-induced H9C2 cells by modulating the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, reducing excessive autophagy, and decreasing myocardial apoptosis.

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