Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) can result in the reduction of sperm numbers, but the mechanisms have not been well elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of TiO 2 NPs on cell cycle and apoptosis in spermatogonia and to explore the role of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in this process. The mouse spermatogonia cell line (GC-1) was treated with TiO 2 NPs at different concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100?μg/mL) for 24?h to detect cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, and key proteins related to cell cycle and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. The agonist (IGF-1) and inhibitor (LY294002) of PI3K were used to verify the role of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in cell cycle and apoptosis. TiO 2 NPs significantly inhibited cell proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and resulted in apoptosis. TiO 2 NPs downregulated the levels of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins, including CDK4, CDK2, Cyclin D1 and Cyclin E1, while upregulated the levels of p21 and p53 proteins. Furthermore, TiO 2 NPs inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway by decreasing the levels of p-PI3K, p-AKT and p-mTOR. IGF-1 reversed the G0/G1 phase arrest and apoptosis caused by TiO 2 NPs. However, LY294002 aggravated the G0/G1 phase arrest and apoptosis resulting from TiO 2 NPs. Collectively, TiO 2 NPs induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and apoptosis through inhibiting the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, which could be the main reason for the reduction in sperm numbers caused by TiO 2 NPs.
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- AT101
- 凋亡试剂盒
Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Kit(细胞凋亡试剂盒-适用贴壁细胞 除C6流式细胞仪以外的流式细胞仪)
- ¥860.00 – ¥1,510.00
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- CCS012
- 周期试剂盒
Cell Cycle Staining Kit 细胞周期检测试剂盒
- ¥390.00
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- AP101
- 凋亡试剂盒
Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Kit(适用于除C6以外的流式细胞仪)
- ¥630.00 – ¥1,280.00